Putin had earlier promised to shield consumers from the effects of any retaliatory steps he would take against the West for its painful new measures against Russia.
The Kremlin said in a statement that Putin's executive decree "either bans or limits... the import into the Russian Federation of certain kinds of agricultural products, raw materials and food originating from countries that have decided to adopt economic sanctions against Russian entities and (or) individuals."
Government spokeswoman Natalia Timakova said ministers were currently drafting the list of goods intended for future import restriction. Russia's agricultural sector watchdog said it would submit its own recommendations by the end of the week.
State statistics show Russia has imported about a third of its food in the past decade. Some of those deliveries have come from ex-Soviet nations with strong ties to Moscow. But Russia's expanding middle class has also become accustomed to fancier packaged goods from Europe lining their grocery shelves.
Russia has already halted some food imports from a range of European countries and also threatened to limit the amount of chicken products it buys from the United States. Moscow has denied that the measures were in any way linked to punishing new financial restrictions imposed by Brussels and Washington against state companies and officials with close links to Putin.