How one South Dakota breeder transformed wheat disease resistance worldwide
In the early 1900s, wheat farmers across the United States faced severe losses from stem rust, a disease that destroyed crops just before harvest. One South Dakota plant breeder, Edgar McFadden, dedicated his life to finding a solution that would protect wheat and secure food supplies.
McFadden’s motivation began in his childhood when a rust outbreak ruined his family’s wheat crop. Years later, while studying plant breeding, he noticed that a grain called emmer wheat showed strong resistance to rust but lacked good yield qualities. Most scientists believed emmer could not be crossed with common bread wheat due to genetic differences. However, McFadden continued experimenting despite widespread doubt.
Through careful crossbreeding, McFadden successfully combined emmer with a popular wheat variety. After years of patient testing and personal financial risk, he developed a new wheat type called Hope. While Hope did not produce the highest yields on its own, it showed strong resistance to both stem and leaf rust and could easily be bred with other high-yielding wheat varieties.
The release of Hope marked a turning point in agricultural history. Breeders across the country used Hope’s genetics to develop stronger and more productive wheat varieties. By the time World War II began, wheat varieties containing Hope genetics were widely planted across the United States, including much of California.