The 20 countries with which the United States has formal free trade agreements (FTAs) bought 41 percent of all U.S. ag exports and 61 percent of all U.S. coarse grains and co-products exports in 2019 – making these pacts the foundation of consistent overseas demand for the U.S. farm sector and demonstrating the urgent need for new market access to ensure U.S. ag’s future competitiveness.
The U.S. Grains Council outlined the impact of free trade agreements on U.S. grains and grain products, including ethanol, in a formal statement submitted this month for a U.S. International Trade Commission investigation informing the U.S. Congress’ oversight of trade deals. The review does not include targeted deals entered into in recent years with Japan and China, which have also added to U.S. ag sales.
Strong policy that opens markets for U.S. ag goods compliments U.S. producers’ natural advantages in cropland, acceptance of technology, innovative practices and access to a sophisticated value chain infrastructure. Trade agreements are uniquely suited to address challenges in global markets including tariffs, non-tariff barriers, administrative procedures and other regulatory practices, the statement outlined.
Nationwide, U.S. agricultural and related product exports have exceeded $150 billion annually for the last decade according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA’s FAS), supporting more than 1 million American jobs and accounting for more than 30 percent of gross farm income. Of that total, U.S. coarse grains – defined by USDA as corn, barley, sorghum, oats, rye – have averaged $10.7 billion over the last five years.
“Trade agreements hold the key to opening markets and resolving tariff and non-tariff barriers to allow the movement of coarse grains, co-products in all forms and other agricultural exports to where they are demanded,” said Floyd Gaibler, Council director of trade policy and biotechnology.
“Gaining access to new and existing export markets is critical to achieve increased sales of both unprocessed and value-added feed grains products. In fact, trade negotiations are the only way to ensure countries will reduce tariffs and other barriers for the long-term.”
Expanding access to markets through new agreements is critical to maintaining U.S. competitiveness and growing market share in an increasingly active geopolitical environment.
In 1994, when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force, there were approximately 40 preferential trade agreements with the U.S. party to only one – an FTA with Israel from 1985. Today, there are more than 306 trade agreements, 20 of which the United States has signed onto.
The statement shared these facts and the specific-to-grains impacts of each agreement held by the United States.
The U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) and its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), ushered in more than two decades of almost uninterrupted growth in intraregional agriculture trade. Between 1993 and 2019, the total value of this regional trade expanded from $16.7 billion to $95.3 billion, an increase of 252 percent when inflation is taken into account, according to USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS). Mexico is a top market for U.S. corn, barley and distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and Canada is the top market for U.S. ethanol.
Other agreements have led to an increase in U.S. corn exports to Colombia from 541,000 metric tons in marketing calendar 2011 to 3.91 million metric tons in calendar year 2019 and made collective exports to the five Central American countries and Dominican Republic that make up CAFTA-DR equivalent to the fourth largest for U.S. corn in marketing year 2019/2020.
Agreements with South Korea, Chile, Morocco and other countries have helped not only increase sales but grow local industries and develop long-term partnerships.
“The U.S. grain industry has benefited from additional FTAs put into place since 1984 through systemic changes in those countries brought on by reduced trade barriers,” Gaibler said. “In these countries, the removal of duties and protections on all sectors spurs not only exports from the United States directly but also investment locally and from regional partners by companies interested in taking advantage of a newly favorable trade environment.”
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