The pesticides judged the most hazardous will see use pared back by two-thirds compared with 2013-2017.
The committee has also banned use of pesticides in designated sensitive areas, including public parks, around schools and at Natura 2000 protection sites.
Among those voting against were the rightwing European People's Party and the far right, while farmers and agri-cooperatives are opposed to seeing the EU impose too tight a set of regulations in the sector.
"Given the impact of the war in Ukraine (on cereal markets) this proposal seriously places in danger (European) independence in terms of food security," said conservative Austrian lawmaker Alexander Bernhuber.
He warned of a risk of reduced yields that could lead to higher agriculture imports.
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