Cattle Nutrition: Muddy Conditions and Cold Weather Require Extra Energy

By Dr. Katie Mason

Muddy conditions are common across the Southeast this time of year. Not only does it create problems around hay-feeding areas, but it also affects cattle performance. Excess mud creates suction on legs and hooves, making it challenging for animals to walk through to and from the feeding area. Four to 8 inches of mud can decrease intake by 4 to 8% because animals may choose to stay away from the area rather than walk through it. There are a few ways to control mud accumulation to mitigate damage in hay-feeding areas and limit negative effects on animal performance.

In the short term, identify well-drained areas to feed hay and supplement. Low-lying areas retain water and do not dry out as quickly. Start at the back of a pasture/pen when feeding hay, and throughout the hay-feeding period, move the hay ring closer to the gate. This means less trips all the way across the pasture, reducing wheel traffic across the area. Consider reduced-labor feeding options. Reduced-frequency feeding and bale grazing are ways to reduce daily feeding trips but must be done correctly to ensure that there is no ruminal upset or decreased animal performance.

In the long term, consider creating a sacrifice paddock or heavy-use feeding area. Within this hay-feeding area, construct a concrete pad or use stone and geotextile fabric to reinforce the area that gets heavy traffic. While this method may not be able to be implemented in the thick of wet muddy conditions, it is something to consider for future winters. Address equipment and facility challenges as needed, such as acquiring 4-wheel drive equipment and hauling and spreading gravel into areas where needed.

In addition to challenges with mud, feeding strategies should be adjusted in response to cold weather, as maintenance requirements increase with lower temperatures, precipitation, and wind. As cattle generate body heat through digestion, their intake can rise by up to 30% during winter to maintain body temperature. Providing high-quality hay during this time ensures cows can consume enough energy to meet their increased needs.

Low-quality hay can lead to rumen compaction, especially when cows consume more to stay warm. To prevent this, consider supplementing with fiber-based feeds such as soyhulls or corn gluten feed, which enhance energy availability. During extreme weather, hay should be offered free choice, as restricting access reduces intake and compromises cows’ ability to meet their energy demands. Though mud and cold weather create extra energy needs, there are ways to manage and create solutions to these winter challenges.