Metrics such as path lengths and connectivity were significantly altered when human activity was considered, reducing the longest path from 10 (animal-only) to 5 and increasing edge density in the combined network.
The network analysis highlighted a "hub structure," where specific properties played a central role in movement. These hubs pose a higher risk as they can act as "super-spreaders" for disease, amplifying vulnerabilities within the system.
The results emphasize that farms are more susceptible to disease outbreaks than previously thought, necessitating a broader approach to biosecurity.
By incorporating both human and animal movements into risk assessments, farm managers can better prepare for and prevent potential outbreaks, creating a safer and more resilient farming environment.
Photo Credit: istock-srdjan-stepic