Out in the Cold: Enhancing Frost Tolerance in Wheat

Rugging up against winter chills is a cozy and easy option for most of us. But our crops are facing frosts and freezing temperatures without the warmth of winter woolies. Frost poses a significant threat to agriculture, particularly in Australia's wheatbelt regions.

Plants have evolved to optimize the timing of their growth and flowering with seasonal light and temperature patterns. But climate change is beginning to impact these seasonal patterns.

Despite an overall warming climate, late spring frosts are occurring more often than they used to. These frost events, especially during flowering, can drastically reduce wheat yields across the Australian cropping belt. Farmers are estimated to be losing hundreds of millions of dollars per year as a result.

Frost damage to plants

Any avid gardener or farmer knows that frost can be a plant killer. Crop scientist Dr. Fernanda Dreccer says frosts inflict damage on a cellular level to plants.

"When plants encounter cold or freezing nighttime temperatures, the lipids in their cell membranes compress," Fernanda says.

Lipids are fatty, waxy or oily compounds. They are an important part of the structure of cell membranes. Upon warming, these membranes often puncture, leading to dehydration and often irreversible damage.

"If this occurs during critical stages of plant development, like during flowering, critical structures can be damaged that affect the plants' ability to reproduce and produce grain," she says.

Building frost tolerance

Modeling suggests reducing crop frost sensitivity by as little as 1°C would increase growers' annual return by about $360 million.

Our research is tackling this problem in several ways. We're growing wheat cultivars under a range of environmental conditions, including mimicking exposure to frost. We're also investigating genes, metabolites (substances produced during metabolism), and plant structures to determine what makes wheat more or less sensitive to frost.

Metabolites and membranes

Fernanda's team is focusing on enhancing the ability of the plant's cell membranes to maintain flexibility. This quality helps plants survive frost.

Her research team is investigating what it takes for cells to remain hydrated under low temperatures.

"Membrane flexibility is determined by the plant's metabolite and lipid profiles, and we're examining genes and environmental conditions," Fernanda said.

The team hopes to understand the connection between the accumulation of metabolites and lipids, and how vulnerable wheat is to frost. They are also developing a non-destructive way to examine the metabolic composition of plant tissue.