By Neil Rhodes
Interest in hybrid bermudagrass for high-quality hay production has climbed the radar in recent years. In particular, the strong demand for bermudagrass hay in small bales has prompted a number of growers in the Mid-South to enter this market or expand their existing acreage.
To successfully compete in the high value, small bale market, producers must be in a position to produce virtually weed-free bermudagrass hay for their customers, many of whom are horse owners. Horse owners are willing to pay a premium for clean hay and they are becoming more selective buyers.
The registration of Pastora (nicosulfuron + metsulfuron) has greatly improved the ability of producers to effectively manage many grass and broadleaved weeds in bermudagrass hayfields. In particular, it has proven effective on troublesome annual grass weeds such as barnyardgrass, fall panicum, broadleaf signalgrass, and annual foxtails. Foxtail control is critically important in production of horse hay in that the seed head bristles can cause serious problems with mouth ulcers in horses.
A perennial foxtail
We became keenly aware of this problem a few years ago when we started receiving reports of Pastora failures on foxtail in Tennessee and other states in the Mid-South. After investigating these reports, we found that the majority of cases of insufficient foxtail control were in hayfields infested with knotroot foxtail, a perennial species, rather than annual foxtails. Horse owners are becoming increasingly aware of this problem and many avoid purchasing hay that contains foxtail seed heads. Because of this, hay infested with knotroot foxtail seed heads is often harvested as large round bales for the cattle market rather than small bales for the horse market.
In Tennessee, clean hay in small bales averages over $200 per ton, whereas large round bales sell for approximately half that amount. Clearly, this weed presents a serious economic challenge for many producers.
We have conducted research during the past three years to identify effective herbicide options for controlling knotroot foxtail in bermudagrass hayfields. While no herbicides tested produced anything approaching complete control, the most effective option for suppression of knotroot foxtail (reduction or elimination of seed heads in harvested hay) was Pastora plus glyphosate at first cutting followed by a second application of Pastora alone two to three weeks later.
This program will cause substantial bermudagrass injury but it will recover. Injury can be reduced if the first herbicide application can be made within seven days following hay harvest.
While on farm visits in 2013 and 2014, we observed that there appeared to be a relationship between nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) applications and severity of knotroot foxtail infestations. Fields where Pastora was applied that were fertilized with recommended N and K rates and timings appeared to be less severely infested than those where Pastora was applied but were receiving low N and K.
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