Insect monitoring in soybeans: What to look for during pod fill

 

At this point in the season, most of our insect monitoring efforts are focused on soybean. There are several pests that can damage soybean during pod fill, and proper scouting is necessary to identify and control these insects. While not an exhaustive list, these are some of the insects and insect relatives to be on the lookout for as the growing season winds down.

 

Stink bugs. Stink bug (Fig. 1) feeding during pod fill (particularly R5-early R6) can reduce soybean yield and quality. These insects feed directly on the developing seeds, resulting in wrinkling, shriveling, and discoloration in addition to reductions in yield. This damage can be compounded by pathogens and weather; note also that pathogen and weather-related quality issues can sometimes be confused for stink bug damage. Unfortunately, many fields in Illinois are not thoroughly scouted for insects during pod fill, and infestations sometimes go unnoticed until the crop is graded at the elevator.

 

When scouting fields for stink bugs, simply walking the field is not sufficient to assess the extent of the stink bug population. The most effective way to scout for these insects is with a sweep net (my personal favorite) or a drop cloth. Both methods are also effective for many other soybean pests. A sweep net (Fig. 2) is swung through the canopy perpendicular to the rows a set number of times, often 25 “sweeps” per sample. With a drop cloth, a small section of a row, usually 3 feet, is shaken vigorously over a cloth, and the insects that are dislodged from the soybean canopy are counted. An insecticide application is warranted if you meet or exceed the economic threshold, which is 9 per 25 sweeps with a sweep net or 1 per row foot using a drop cloth. Note that the window of residual activity provided by insecticides for stink bug control is short, generally less than 1 week); therefore, preventative applications targeted to a certain growth stage are unlikely to be effective. The most effective applications are those that are made only when a damaging population occurs – still a rare event in most of Illinois.

 

Spider mites. Unfortunately, we have struggled with drought stress in much of Illinois in recent weeks. While not a problem every year (and not an insect), spider mites often become an issue when soybeans are drought stressed. Spider mite feeding causes yellow to brown discoloration of soybean foliage and can result in severe stress to the plant. The infestations often begin at field edges. Closely examining infested foliage will reveal the mites and the webbing that they produce. Shaking the mites onto a white piece of paper or using a hand lens might be necessary, as they are quite small.

 

Dectes stem borer. This insect caused some unexpected damage in southern Illinois in 2018. The stem borer larva feeds on the pith inside the soybean stem. As the plant matures, the larvae can girdle stems which leads to lodging, especially in situations where harvest is delayed. While we do not have an economic threshold for this insect or a reliable way to control the larvae with insecticides, infested fields can be identified and, where possible, prioritized for earlier harvest to reduce their potential for lodging. Adult dectes stem borers are gray, long horned beetles that can be found using a sweep net or drop cloth. The first sign of infestation by the larvae is usually “flagging” of petioles in which a dectes larva has been feeding (Fig. 3). The larvae themselves can be observed by slicing the stem in half (Fig. 4).

 

Bean leaf beetle. Bean leaf beetle adults (Fig. 5) tend to be both the first and the last defoliating pest to enter soybean fields. As with other defoliating insects, the decision of whether to treat should be made based on (1) the level of defoliation in the field (the economic threshold post-bloom in Illinois is 20% defoliation) and (2) the continued presence of the pest within the field. Estimate the overall percent defoliation by collecting individual leaflets throughout the field. There are now several smartphone apps available that can help you to calibrate your defoliation estimation skills. One app to consider is BioLeaf Foliar Analysis for Android. (Fig. 6).