- 10 ppm DON in grains and grain by-products
- 30 ppm DON for distiller grains, brewer grains, gluten feeds/meals
- Recommended that the TMR not exceed 10 ppm DON
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Research studies conducted in the 1980s and early 1990s investigated the effects of feeding DON contaminated grains to feedlot cattle (Table 1). University of Nebraska researchers conducted two studies feeding DON contaminated wheat to feedlot cattle. In the first study conducted by DeHaan and others, 0 vs. 1 ppm DON in the diet was fed for 142 days and resulted in no differences in average daily gain (ADG), DMI (dry matter feed intake), or feed to gain ratio (F:G) of steers and heifers. In the second study by Nelson and others, 0.2 (corn control diet), 2.3, and 10 ppm DON concentrations were tested in the experimental diets fed to steers and heifers for 126 days and resulted in no pathological or toxicological differences due to feeding scabby wheat.
Research from North Dakota State University by Boland and others investigated feeding barley contaminated with DON to feedlot cattle in a growing diet for 84 days and finishing diet for the remaining 100 days on feed. Four levels of DON concentration were fed: 1) 0.9 ppm, 2) 3.7 ppm, 3) 6.4 ppm, 4) 9.2 ppm during the growing period and increased to 1) 1.1 ppm, 2) 5.0 ppm, 3) 8.8 ppm, 4) 12.6 ppm during the finishing period. No differences were observed for ADG, DMI, F:G, and carcass characteristics. Anderson and others from North Dakota State University fed either 10 or 15 ppm DON barley diets to heifers during mid/late-gestation and during lactation, respectively, and observed no differences in heifer ADG, DMI and calf birth weight.
Greater concentrations of DON contaminated barley were fed to feedlot steers by researchers from the University of Minnesota. DiCostanzo and others fed 75% barley diets containing either 0, 6, 12 or 18 ppm DON in the diet for 135 days and observed no differences in ADG, DMI, F:G and carcass characteristics. Similarly, Windels and others fed 79% barley diets containing either 0, 7, 14 or 21 ppm DON in the diet for 144 days and observed no differences in ADG, DMI, F:G and carcass characteristics.
Overall, feeding DON contaminated grains in feedlot cattle diets up to 21 ppm did not result in any adverse health and performance effects. Additional data on the effects of DON concentration in diets feed to beef cattle are limited, including the maximum tolerance level of DON contamination cattle can process in their diet. Being ruminants, cattle have a rumen with a diverse microbiome that can breakdown various compounds into less toxic compounds, as demonstrated with DON. It appears that DON can be degraded before being absorbed to illicit its toxicological effects observed in other species, such as swine. The concentration of DON in grains that is willing to be accepted by grain elevators varies, so make sure to inquire. Feeding grain or grain silages contaminated with DON to cattle destined for slaughter is a good alternative compared to a complete loss of a grain crop. If you are looking for additional information, you can reach out to me to discuss this topic further. The Michigan State University Extension Beef Team webpage contains of list of beef expert contacts and is a great resource for additional beef related questions or inquires.
Source : msu.edu