By Drew Lyon & By Gale Perez
In my previous position as the Extension Dryland Cropping Systems Specialist with the University of Nebraska Panhandle Research and Extension Center in Scottsbluff, I focused my research efforts on intensifying and diversifying the winter wheat-fallow cropping system. The addition of summer crops into the rotation was a first step. Inserting summer crops such as proso millet, sunflower, or corn reduced the frequency of summer fallow from every other year to once every three years. Summer crops also helped in the management of winter annual grass weeds such as downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and feral rye. As I looked for ways to eliminate summer fallow from the rotation, my attention turned to forage crops.
Forage crops are typically harvested at about 50% heading (grass crops) or flowering (broadleaf crops). This is often six or more weeks earlier than if the crops were harvested for grain. This earlier harvest provides a couple of benefits. First, it decreases soil water depletion. Water use by crops is typically greatest from the boot or flower bud stage through early grain fill. By harvesting the crop shortly after the start of this heavy water use time, valuable soil water is conserved for the following grain crop, which in western Nebraska, was often winter wheat. The earlier harvest also prevented seed production in many weeds growing in the forage crop. Taken together, these two benefits made forage crops a good alternative for summer fallow. However, there were obstacles to the use of forage crops such as a lack of forage harvesting and handling equipment and limited local markets.
When I arrived in Pullman, WA in 2012, the focus of my program shifted to weed management in wheat production systems. One of the first new weed species I learned about was Italian ryegrass. Italian ryegrass biotypes have developed resistance to eight different herbicide modes of action, which makes managing Italian ryegrass with herbicides very difficult. Some growers have turned to forage crops to help them manage Italian ryegrass.