Bird Flu Outbreak Sparks Urgent Vaccine Debate

Farmers and Experts Call for Poultry Vaccine Rollout

A deadly bird flu strain is hitting farms across the Midwest, especially in the Great Lakes region, where Ohio and Indiana lost nearly 5 million birds this winter. The highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5) continues to damage the poultry industry and raises concerns about its spread to humans.

Since 2022, H5 has caused the deaths of over 166 million birds in the U.S., adding strain to farmers and consumers alike. With egg prices soaring and flocks being culled, researchers say vaccines are now essential to control the outbreak.

“Because we have a number of barriers to reducing spillover infections, it becomes increasingly difficult to say that we’re not getting closer to the pandemic stage,” warned Carol Cardona of the University of Minnesota.

Federal efforts have included a $100 million USDA investment in vaccines and response strategies. But the lack of widespread poultry vaccination remains a key concern. Some poultry groups fear that vaccination might harm trade, though others say targeted solutions could save egg farms.

Without vaccines, farmers must destroy entire flocks when H5 is detected, leading to job losses and food shortages. In 2024, Michigan’s largest egg farm laid off 400 workers after an outbreak.

Experts warn that natural bird migrations and wetland loss are worsening the spread. Birds mix during spring and fall, carrying viruses to farms, especially in the Upper Midwest.

With young hens needing 16 weeks to begin laying, egg shortages may last months. Prices hit $5.89 per dozen in February, and rebuilding flocks will take time.

Some analysts say market concentration also contributes to price hikes, with companies like Cal-Maine Foods posting record profits despite no bird flu at their facilities.

Researchers agree that poultry vaccination could limit outbreaks, reduce human risk, and protect the food supply. Immediate action may be key to avoiding worse outcomes.