Simple ways to protect livestock and support animal comfort in cold weather
Winter brings colder temperatures that can affect livestock health and comfort. While people may feel chilly even when temperatures drop slightly, most livestock are naturally prepared for winter. Animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and horses grow winter coats when day length shortens in late summer, helping them trap body heat. Ruminant animals also stay warm by producing heat during digestion. As long as they are dry and have enough forage, livestock can tolerate weather that feels very cold to humans.
Every animal has a temperature range called the thermoneutral zone, where they stay comfortable without using extra energy. The lower critical temperature, or LCT, marks the point where animals must use more energy to stay warm. For cattle and goats with a moderate winter coat, the LCT is around 32°F. With a heavy coat, it drops to 18°F. Horses have an LCT of about 18°F in winter and 41°F with a summer coat. Once any coat becomes wet, the insulation drops sharply, and the LCT rises to 59°F for most livestock. Animals then need extra feed, usually 1% more energy for every degree below their LCT.
Some animals need added help. Horses with clipped coats may require blankets, which should fit well and be removed once temperatures rise. Very young, old, or thin animals may also need protection. Pigs, which have little hair, should be given shelter and thick bedding so they can create warm nests.
Heat lamps can help but must be used carefully, as they can cause fires. Lamps should be high quality, placed safely, secured with clamps and chains, and used with proper electrical protection.