By Ignacio Ciampitti
Some of the main planting practices affecting yields in sorghum are: row spacing, row arrangement, seeding rate/plant population, planting date, and hybrid maturity.
Sorghum plants can compensate and adjust to diverse environmental conditions through modifications in the number of tillers, head size, and final seed weight. For sorghum, the final number of seeds per head is the plant component that varies the most; and thus has more room for adjustment than the other plant components (seed weight and number of tillers).
Seeding rate / plant populations
Sorghum population recommendations range from a desired stand of 23,000 to more than 100,000 plants per acre depending on annual rainfall Table 1:
Avg. Annual Rainfall (inches) | Seeding rate (x 1,000 seeds/acre)* | Recommended Plant Population (x 1,000 plants/acre) | Within-row Seed Spacing (65% emergence) |
10-inch rows | 20-inch rows | 30-inch rows |
< 20 | 30-35 | 23-27 | 21-18 | 10-9 | 7-6 |
20 to 26 | 35-64 | 25-45 | 18-10 | 9-5 | 6-3 |
26 to 32 | 50-80 | 35-55 | 13-8 | 6-4 | 4-3 |
> 32 | 70-125 | 50-90 | 9-5 | 4-2 | 3-2 |
Irrigated | 110-150 | 80-110 | 5-4 | 3-2 | 2-1 |
Because of sorghum’s ability to respond to the environment, final stands can vary at least 25 percent from the values listed above, depending on expected growing conditions, without significantly affecting yields. Lower seeding rates minimize risk of crop failure in dry environments. Sorghum can compensate for good growing conditions by adding tillers and adjusting head size, but yields can be reduced in a dry year if populations are too high. For a high-yielding environment (>150 bu/acre), under narrow rows, high plant populations can be a critical factor for improving sorghum yields.
Higher seeding rates also should be used when planting late. Increase rates by 15-20 percent if planting in late-June or later. Late planting will restrict the time that sorghum plants will have in the season for producing productive tillers, thus decreasing the plants’ ability to compensate for inadequate stands.
Recent research in Kansas has confirmed these long-term recommendations. In these studies, sorghum yields were maximized at 25,000 plants per acre (optimum between 20,000 to 30,000 plants per acre) in western Kansas at 17 inches annual precipitation; 40,000 in central Kansas at 30 inches annual precipitation; and 50,000 in eastern Kansas at 32 inches annual precipitation. Studies in Missouri, with substantially more than 32 inches of annual precipitation, maximized yield with about 60,000 plants per acre. For western Kansas, final stands of about 20,000 to 30,000 plants per acre can attain yields of 60 to 80 bushels per acre or more. For central and eastern Kansas, final stands of 50,000 to 70,000 plants per acre can maximize yields, with the final objective of having 1 to 1.5 heads per plant.
Having more than the recommended number of plants per acre results in fewer fertile and productive tillers and thinner stems, which will reduce yield in the drier environments and increase susceptibility to drought. On the other extreme, thin stands can compensate for better-than-expected growing conditions somewhat by producing more and/or larger heads. However, under high-yielding environments, a higher final plant population will be needed to increase yields as much as possible (Table 1).
Planting date
A summary of research data performed in the last several years has confirmed that the optimum planting date for maximizing yields will be around early June (Figure 1). Still, the decision related to the optimum planting date should be timed so plants have the best possible chance of avoiding hot, dry weather at the flowering stage, but can still have sufficient time to mature before the first frost.
Planting date has some effect on seeding rates. Sorghum will tiller more readily in cool temperatures and less readily under warm conditions. As a result, later plantings in warmer weather should be on the high side of the recommended range of seeding rates for each environment since there will be less tillering. The potential for greater tillering with earlier planting dates makes sorghum yields generally more stable when planted in May and early June compared to late June or July plantings.
Figure 1. Planting date effect on final sorghum yields (Tribune/ Hutchinson/ Manhattan, Vanderlip; Scandia 1994-96, Gordon; St. John 1993-95, Martin and Vanderlip; Columbus 2000/03, Kelley). From Sorghum: State of the Art and Future Perspectives, Agronomy Monographs 58, 2016, chapter “Genotype × Environment × Management Interactions: US Sorghum Cropping Systems” doi:10.2134/agronmonogr58.2014.0067, Ignacio A. Ciampitti and P.V.V. Prasad (Eds).
Planting depth
Seed placement is also a critical factor when planting sorghum. Optimum seed placement for sorghum is about 1-2 inches deep. Shallower or deeper planting depths can affect the time between planting and emergence, affecting early-season plant uniformity. We recently conducted a planting depth study, using late planting (about mid-June) under uniform soil temperatures and three seed placements – shallow, 0.5 inch; optimum, 1.5 inches; and deep, 3 inches. Optimum and deep placement resulted in similar shoot growth while shallower placement resulted in delayed development with fewer number of leaves and less total shoot mass (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Seed placement effect on early sorghum growth and development, Manhattan, 2014 (Ciampitti et al., 2014).
Row spacing
The other factor that can influence yield is row spacing. The last three columns in Table 1 show that plant spacing within the row becomes greater as row spacing decreases. This greater intra-row plant spacing reduces plant-plant competition early in the growing season when head number and head size are being determined.
A response to narrow row spacing is expected under superior growing environments, when water is a non-limiting factor. Narrow rows increase early light interception, provide faster canopy closure, reduce evaporation losses, can improve suppression of late-emerging weeds (a major issue in sorghum), and maximize yields.
The influence of row spacing on sorghum yield has not been entirely consistent in K-State tests. In a summary of experiments conducted in Kansas, the comparison between wide (30-inch) vs. narrow (15-inch) row spacing shows a close relationship, with an overall yield benefit of 4 bushels per acre with narrow rows. In addition, narrow rows out yielded wide rows in 71 percent of all observations evaluated (Figure 3).
A more consistent response to narrow rows was documented when yields were above 70 bushels per acre, with a greater chance of having higher yields when using narrow rows. In summary, the potential for a positive yield response to narrow rows is greatest in high-yielding environments, but the response is not always consistent. Under low-yielding environments, conventional (30-inch) wide row spacing is the best alternative.
Figure 3. Yield in narrow rows versus yield in wide rows. From a total number of 75 observations, 71% had a greater yield in narrow as compared to wide row spacing.
Should populations be adjusted with narrow rows? Research results indicate that the population producing the greatest yield doesn’t change with different row spacing, but the magnitude of response to population potentially can be greater with narrower row spacing in high-yielding environments.
Planting date seems to have an interaction with row spacing. Over three years at the North Central Experiment Field, there was essentially no difference in yield between 15- and 30-inch rows for late-May plantings, but there was a 10-bushel yield advantage for 15-inch rows for late June plantings. A similar response was observed at Manhattan in 2009 when no difference in row spacing was observed for the May planting, but 10-inch rows had an 11-bushel/acre yield advantage over 30-inch rows with the June planting. The opposite response was seen at Hutchinson in 2009 where narrow rows had a 6 bushel/acre yield advantage with a May planting date, but wide rows had a 6 bushel/acre yield advantage with a June planting date. In all cases, yields were less with the June planting, but the June plantings at Belleville and Manhattan averaged more than 115 bushels/acre, while yields at Hutchinson were less than 92 bushels/acre.
Hybrid selection
The selection of sorghum hybrids should be based not only on maturity, but also on other traits such as resistance to pests, stalk strength, head exsertion, seeding vigor, and overall performance. The selection of a sorghum hybrid based on its maturity should be strictly related to the planting date, expected duration of the growing season, and the probability the hybrid will mature before the first freeze event. Shorter-season hybrids might be a better fit for late planting dates (mid-June to July depending on the regions); while a longer-season hybrid is recommended when planting time is early and the duration of the growing season is maximized.
For the summary of planting date information in Figure 1, hybrid maturity showed a very complex pattern across the diverse locations. Overall, longer-season hybrids showed a better yield at the mid-May planting time, but yields were less than 100 bushels per acre. For medium- and short-season hybrids, the early June planting date produced yields of more than 100 bushels per acre. The goal is to plant a hybrid maturity at each particular site/environment (weather and soil type) so the plants can bloom in favorable conditions, and have adequate grain fill duration before the first fall freeze occurs.
On-farm research experience: 2014-2016 seasons
During the last three growing seasons, on-farm research studies were established in collaboration with farmers and Sandra Wick, Post Rock District Extension Agent.
A summary of sorghum plant population response to all years of on-farm research revealed an optimal response to plant population at around 30 to 45 thousand seeds per acre (Figure 4). This shows how essential it is to continue the on-farm research efforts for properly identifying optimal plant population and providing a better guidance to key stakeholders in Kansas.
The recommendations provided in Table 1 can serve as a guideline for sorghum seeding rates, but more on-farm studies with a local and regional focus are needed in order to fine-tune and better understand sorghum yield responses to seeding rates.
Figure 4. On-farm sorghum seeding rate studies performed in collaboration with Sandra Wick, Post Rock Extension District, sorghum farmers, and KSUCROPS Lab - Dr. Ciampitti.
Summary
- Determine your desired population based on average rainfall and expected growing conditions. There is no need to go overboard.
- Make sure you plant enough seed for your desired plant population. About 65-70 percent field germination is a good general rule to use.
- Think about using narrower row spacing to close the canopy sooner and potentially capture greater yields in yield environments of 70 bushels per acre or more.
- Planting data and hybrid selection are tied together and are related to the conditions experienced by sorghum plants during the late summer. Think about this before deciding your planting time and selecting a hybrid.