Carbadox is added to livestock feed to control diarrhea in young pigs after they are weaned from their mothers, as well as to promote their growth (despite a federal ban on antibiotic use for growth promotion, it’s allowed for carbadox). And though Phibro leaned heavily on the drug’s medical necessity at last week’s hearing, company marketing materials focus primarily on how carbadox helps fatten pigs rapidly. FACT, the only group to present anti-carbadox comments at FDA’s hearing, estimates that over 50 percent of U.S. hog farmers use the drug, while Bloomberg put that estimate considerably higher—90 percent. Although FDA explicitly disallows carcinogenic drugs in treating animals, a proviso allows their use if no residues of them are “found by an approved regulatory method in any edible tissues of or foods from the animal.” Phibro maintains that its continued use in hogs is essential to production, and to human health.
Though Phibro leaned heavily on the drug’s medical necessity at last week’s hearing, company marketing materials focus primarily on how carbadox helps fatten pigs rapidly.
“The drugs to which veterinarians would turn to replace carbadox are, in many cases, medically important antibiotics in human medicine, things like aminoglycosides, which…FDA has deemed…to be medically important in humans,” said lawyer Jeannie Perron, speaking on behalf of Phibro in last week’s hearing. “But if carbadox were not available, swine veterinarians would be forced to use drugs like that.” She insisted on multiple occasions that carbadox use was safe, despite the fact that residue measurements used in Canada, for example, find carcinogenic residues where Phibro’s methods do not. (Phibro did not respond to requests for comment from The Counter.)
Other proponents of the drug who spoke during the hearing claimed that banning the drug would result in increased animal suffering and death. “It’s my job to advocate for the pig,” said Clayton Johnson, a livestock veterinarian. Without carbadox, “Our pig populations will get sick [and] animal caretakers will be frustrated,” he said.
Rather than presenting FDA with a new method for detecting carbadox residues, which it had been invited to do, Phibro representatives doubled down in insisting that their old methods were adequate, and suggested FDA could come up with an alternate testing method on its own.
Narrow though the scope of this particular hearing was, FACT’s Roach pointed out that the issues of concern with carbadox go beyond carcinogenic residues in pork tissue. For starters, “Workers who are handling the drug and putting it into feed can be exposed through inhaling [carbadox] dust, and we’ve seen some reports of absorption of carbadox through the skin,” he said, mentioning that worker safety was a concern cited by the EU in banning the drug.
“These facilities have continuous problems of swine dysentery and we keep putting new pigs in them and adding a bunch of drugs to their feed.”
Additionally, United States Geological Survey (USGS) has found evidence of carbadox in some surface waters in the U.S. This sort of environmental exposure through water “is another scary outlet that we’re seeing,” said Roach’s FACT colleague, Safe and Healthy Food Program associate Madeleine Kleven, who spoke at the FDA hearing. “We don’t know the risk this poses, but it could be even more dangerous”—not just to humans but to wildlife as well. As with determining the full extent of human cancer risk from carbadox meat residues, understanding the effects of carbadox in water would necessitate scientific study; Roach and Kleven were unaware of any such studies.
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